Subsequent thinkers have debated whether it is preferable to tax or to regulate negative externalities, the optimally efficient level of the Pigouvian taxation, and what factors cause or exacerbate negative externalities, such as providing investors in corporations with limited liability for harms committed by the corporation. Pigou argued that a tax, equal to the marginal damage or marginal external cost, (later called a " Pigouvian tax") on negative externalities could be used to reduce their incidence to an efficient level. The prototypical example of a negative externality is environmental pollution. The concept of externality was first developed by economist Arthur Pigou in the 1920s. ![]() The people who live in the apartment do not compensate the bakery for this benefit. An example of this might be the apartment above a bakery receiving the benefit of enjoyment from smelling fresh pastries every morning. The third party is essentially getting a free product. A positive externality is when an individual's consumption in a market increases the well-being of others, but the individual does not charge the third party for the benefit. All consumers are all made worse off by pollution but are not compensated by the market for this damage. Water pollution from mills and factories is another example. The cost of air pollution to society is not paid by either the producers or users of motorized transport to the rest of society. Air pollution from motor vehicles is one example. Externalities can be considered as unpriced goods involved in either consumer or producer market transactions. In economics, an externality or external cost is an indirect cost or benefit to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party's (or parties') activity. The costs of the air pollution for the rest of society is not compensated for by either the producers or users of motorized transport. In economics, an imposed cost or benefit Part of a series aboutĪir pollution from motor vehicles is an example of a negative externality.
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